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Food manufacturers trading across Europe have been warned that they are sitting “on a time bomb” if they have engaged in anti-competitive practices.
"Monetising" intellectual property (IP) can increase a food manufacturer’s valuation, income and access to funding, a legal seminar heard.
Supermarket giant Tesco, high street baker Greggs and confectionery manufacturer Thortons were just three of the food firms who recruited new staff to executive positions in September.
The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) is considering Nakano’s offer to sell its production plant in Staffordshire, to allay competition concerns following its acquisition of Premier Foods’ vinegar and pickles businesses.
Financial analysts have welcomed Tate & Lyle’s trading update for the six months ending September 30 but warned of a challenging second half.
Chilled food manufacturer Greencore is set for significant growth over the next two years, according to city analyst Shore Capital.
The Food Standards Agency has re-assured consumers about the safety of acrylamide in chips after the Daily Express published a story linking it to cancer.
UK food and non-alcoholic drink exports have continued to grow this year, rising to £5.9bn in the first six months of the year – an increase of 2.2% compared with the same period of 2011, according to the Food and Drink Federation (FDF).
A new scheme offering vouchers worth £5,000 each to help start-up companies in the agrifood sector to innovate has been launched.
Unicorns, Premier Foods, and Morrisons are just three of the topics to feature in our list of the seven most popular food and drink manufacturing articles published on FoodManufacture.co.uk in September.
Unite union members at chocolate maker Barry Callebaut’s Banbury site in Oxfordshire have cancelled plans for strikes later this week after agreeing a pay deal with the firm.
The UK meat industry is missing out on a £1bn export opportunity in the Middle East because it has failed to adopt Food Standards Agency (FSA) guidelines on halal, an expert has warned.
Nestlé UK is being threatened with legal action by the GMB union over the fate of low-paid catering workers affected by its move to new headquarters.
Food and drink manufacturers have weathered the recessionary storm and now need to be helped to unleash their full potential.
The shortlist of candidates for the Food Manufacturing Excellence Awards (FMEAs) has now been revealed.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has promised to deliver next week its preliminary review of controversial research linking Monsanto’s herbicide glyphosate (Roundup), and the glyphosate-tolerant genetically modified maize NK603 to cancer in rats.
Mars Chocolate’s new £6M research and development (R&D) facility will attract “world class expertise”, says business and enterprise minister Michael Fallon.
Redundancies are “inevitable” after a suspected arson attack on the Real Crisps factory in Crumlin, South Wales last week.
After winning a £50,000 investment on BBC TV’s Dragons’ Den, entrepreneurial sisters Lisa and Helen Tse have ambitions to make their Chinese sauces as big as Levi Roots’ Reggae Reggae brand.
Competition for the coveted title Food Manufacturing Personality of the Year is hotting up as Premier Foods ceo Michael Clarke battles curry queen Perween Warsi and four others.
Irn Bru-maker AG Barr revealed a 4.9% increase in turnover to £130M for the six months to July 28, as city analysts underlined the strong case for a merger with Britvic.
New Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) minister David Heath said he wished there was a hit TV show called CSI Sainsbury to tempt scientists away from forensics and into the food industry. ’−
Chocolate maker Barry Callebaut has rejected claims by Unite the union of making “a paltry pay offer”, after more than 100 members of the union staged two one-day strikes on September 22 and 24 at the firm’s Banbury site in Oxfordshire.
Food and drink manufacturers are optimistic about sales for the remainder of the year, according to the Food and Drink Federation’s (FDF’s) latest Food and Drink Business Confidence survey.
Europe’s largest own-label ice cream manufacturer R&R Ice Cream was fined £10,000 yesterday (September 24), after a 20-year worker was injured by a conveyor belt.
The North Atlantic Seafood Forum has called on the British government to back Grimsby’s £75M seafood manufacturing plan.
Former Asda ceo and chairman of The Royal Mail Allan Leighton has joined ready meal manufacturer Charlie Bigham’s as non-executive director.
Herefordshire food manufacturer Q Cold has been ordered to pay £4,348 after a worker severed her finger in a poorly guarded machine.
Find alternatives to eggs or face significant cost increases, Arla Food Ingredients has warned food manufacturers.
After a “challenging” first half, Dairy Crest will need a strong second half performance to make up the balance sheet, according to city analysts at Shore Capital.
Morrisons is outsourcing IT services from its Yorkshire-based head office to India, which will cause the loss of around 145 jobs.
Business groups including the Food and Drink Federation (FDF) have given a guarded welcome to government plans to plough £1bn into a state-backed business bank to increase lending to small firms.
Soaring sales of English wine, the growing popularity of low-alcohol wine and an acceptance of boxed wine are the three key conclusions of new research on the UK wine market from Mintel.
An employee from the Real Crisp factory in Crumlin, South Wales has appeared in court charged with arson after a blaze engulfed the factory last week.
Dairy Crest has announced plans to close its site at Crudgington in Shropshire within the next 18 to 24 months, putting 161 jobs at risk.
Britain’s food and drink manufacturing sector can expect further consolidation over the coming year, according to a leading corporate finance expert.
Britain’s largest food manufacturer has signed a £15M deal with the Ministry of Justice to supply all publicly-run prisons in England and Wales with Hovis and Mother's Pride bread.
More than 60 fire-fighters and 20 fire engines fought a major blaze yesterday (September 20) at the Real Crisp factory in Caerphilly, South Wales.
A new controversial study linking Monsanto’s herbicide Roundup and genetically modified (GM) maize with premature death has left scientists across the world rowing over its validity and regulatory authorities saying they need more time to study its implications.
Fast food outlet KFC is mislabelling chicken as ‘halal’ because its machine slaughter contravenes Foods Standards Authority (FSA) guidelines, an angry English Beef and Lamb Executive (EBLEX) adviser has told FoodManufacture.co.uk.
The British Meat Processors Association (BMPA) has insisted that food manufacturers are working to cut salt levels in meat, after a pressure group claimed over-salty bacon was threatening the nation’s health.
Waitrose got more than it bargained for when it launched a social media campaign inviting consumers to reply to its tweet: “I shop at Waitrose because …” The response varied from the cutting to the down-right hilarious.
It was "short-sighted" for food manufacturers to cut research and development (R&D), even during an economic downturn, claims a senior manager at PepsiCo.
Food safety watchdog the Food Standards Agency (FSA) needs more time to study controversial research linking Monsanto’s herbicide Roundup and genetically modified (GM) maize with premature death, its spokesman told FoodManufacture.co.uk today (September 19).
Retail giant Sainsbury is pinning its hopes on a bumper Christmas as it plans to recruit 15,000 new workers over the festive and New Year period.
Allinson brand-owner ABF Grain Products has welcomed a ruling from the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) rejecting accusations of misleading marketing made by the Real Bread Campaign (RBC).
Estate agents marketing Young’s Seafood’s former Cromer Crab factory say they have received about half a dozen expressions of interest.
Supermarket supplier Park Cake Bakery has made a backdated pay offer to staff at its bakery in Oldham, following the threat of strike action.
KFC sales of halal chicken, worth hundreds of thousands of pounds, may not meet the requirements of Islamic law, according to a leading group of Muslim scholars in the UK.
The Edinburgh-based gluten-free food specialist Genius Foods has struck a deal with French retail chain Carrefour to sell gluten-free croissant, pain au chocolat and other products in Spain.
Fresh hope of safeguarding 1,700 jobs at Vion’s Hall’s Broxburn meat plant emerged yesterday (September 18), after Scottish finance secretary John Swinney revealed that three parties were interested in buying the business.
Ministerial responsibilities in the newly reshuffled Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) have been revealed.
Food manufacturers have been told to find “innovative ways of reducing water use”, after a survey by the Foodservice Consultants Society International UK and Ireland (FCSI) revealed 84% of members saw water usage as having the biggest impact on the sector over the next three years.
A new way of ‘naturally’ extending the shelf-life of products without the need for supplementary preservatives or additives is being offered to UK food manufacturers by savoury snacks manufacturer Deli 24.
Walkers Snack Foods has been ordered to pay £30,000 after a 400kg block of compacted snack waste smashed into a worker, breaking his leg.
The UK poultry industry has teamed up with the retailer Morrisons to launch a campaign to fight a planned tax on rotisserie chickens.
The organic food market has plenty of critics and doubters, but the md of organic baby and children's food producer Organix is fighting back.
Small food and drink firms make a crucial contribution to the £1,000bn driven through local economies by small businesses each year, but it could be far greater if banks loosened their purse strings.
The British Army has given the nation’s biggest high street baker its marching orders by enlisting Greggs in a trial to supply baked savouries to Germany.
The Irish government has unveiled ambitious plans to intensify sustainable food production for export. The aim is to boost its economy and help remedy food shortages around the world.
Meat processor Vion UK has rejected an offer by the Scottish government to buy and lease back its threatened Hall’s of Broxburn plant to avert its closure and save 1,700 jobs at the site.
British consumers would accept the use of nanotechnology in the production of food and drink if the benefits were more clearly explained by people they trust, new research has revealed.
High street sandwich retailer Greggs has announced that Ian Durant will take over as chairman of the board next May.
The outgoing chief executive of the Food Standards Agency (FSA) is to join Tesco as group technical director.
Frozen fruit and vegetable processing company, Ardo UK has appointed Stuart Hiscott as marketing manager.
Vion Food Group has announced that Dirk Kloosterboer will be taking over the responsibilities as chief executive and chairman following the departure of Uwe Tillmann at the Dutch owned meat processor.
Some food exporters who thought Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on August 22 would open doors for exports will be sorely disappointed. That is because the Russians have announced that they will continue to require compliance with over- zealous hygiene rules seemingly designed to make it as hard as possible for hopeful exporters to that country.
Unions are urging bakery giant Warburtons to look at ways of keeping its Blackpool bakery open, after the company announced plans to close the site this week (September 12).
Strike action seems to have been averted at baker Warburtons’ sites nationwide, after the company come up with a “no strings attached” pay offer for staff.
Food manufacturing business guru Paul Wilkinson will take over as the chairman of Thorntons’ board of directors on February 1 2013.
Glanbia Dairy ingredients Ireland has announced ambitious plans to invest £120M (€150M) in the construction of a world-class milk processing facility in Belview, County Kilkenny.
The fridge, pasteurisation and canning are the greatest three inventions in the history of food and drink, according to the Royal Society − the UK’s national academy of science.
Wyke Farms' Facebook campaign against its delisting by Morrisons and the threat of self-combusting noodles were just two of our seven most popular news stories last month. Review the highlights with our photogallery of top stories.
The Chilled Food Association (CFA) says members may have smashed energy reduction targets set out in a Climate Change Agreement with the government by 62% − but they won’t be able to do an encore.
Meat processors have welcomed the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA’s) new plan for official meat controls and how they should be financed.
A halal certifying body has warned of the “huge problem” of bogus halal meat facing ethnic and other consumers, while offering support for police and Trading Standards’ raids on halal meat wholesalers.
Two factory staff were treated for smoke inhalation after attempting to tackle a fire that broke out at a food packaging factory in Cambridgeshire last week
Sales savvy shoppers and weak footfall on the high streets contributed to a drop in sales and profits at chocolate retailer Thorntons.
Salt reduction, new food labelling rules and a profile of meat firm TMI Foods are just three of the topics that appear in the September issue of our sister title Food Manufacture.
Major players in the food industry met Prime Minister David Cameron at Downing Street yesterday (September 11) to champion a scheme that will provide free training to jobless youngsters.
A leading fire officer has warned food manufacturers to beware self-combusting noodles.
Provexis, the sports nutrition company, is gearing up for growth even before it accounts for a surge in demand following the Olympics.
One of 2 Sisters’ pizza factories has created 100 jobs after securing new business supplying own-label chilled pizza to major retailers.
Britain’s biggest high street baker Greggs, with its “strong balance sheet”, is poised for significant growth, based on acquiring up to 25% more space, according to City analyst Shore Capital.
Counterfeit documentation, ancient protocols, and immature risk assessment procedures are just the start of the problems food manufacturers face when sourcing ingredients from the other side of the globe.
Union leaders say Tesco is “burying its head in the sand” as 183 drivers’ jobs have come under threat at its Doncaster distribution centre.
Food refrigeration firm George Baker & Co has been ordered to pay £140,000 after admitting safety failures that led to the death of a 61-year old worker, who was crushed beneath an unsecured racking system.
Jim Paice described his sacking as food and farming minister as “disappointing.”
Food and fashion firm Associated British Foods (ABF) will report adjusted operating profit for the second half of its financial year “substantially ahead of last year”, thanks to a strong performance in sugar.
Winning new business is tough at any time but particularly challenging during a recession. One food manufacturer dedicated to the challenge is Wigan-based pie maker Poole’s Pies.
A potentially disastrous year for UK apple growers could see manufacturers stung by a rise of as much as 100% in the cost of pre-processed cookers.
A 2 Sisters factory worker is in a “life threatening” condition in intensive care after an industrial accident at the food manufacturer’s Scunthorpe site.
A more 'results oriented' approach to cutting salt in people's diets is being sought by manufacturers, given the problems faced by some sectors of the industry in meeting the existing 2012 salt reduction targets
Firms that flout the law by failing to ensure their workplaces are safe for workers will be subject to additional costs from next month.
Major food manufacturers which tell marketing “lies” and are “only concerned with the bottom line” will be exposed in a new TV series, one of its presenters has vowed.
Birmingham City Council is considering whether to press charges after officers carried out raids on halal meat wholesalers last month.
Unison, the UK’s largest union, is urging the Food Standards Agency (FSA) to make tests for the parasitic disease toxoplasmosis a routine part of meat inspection regimes, as new figures reveal the disease now affects up to 1,000 Britons a day.
A food factory worker was rushed to hospital with spinal injuries yesterday after becoming trapped in machinery at 2 Sisters’ chicken processing site in Scunthorpe.
Britons have spent £1.1bn on ice cream, sorbet and frozen yogurt already this year, up from £910M five years ago, according to the latest research from Mintel.
Chilled food manufacturer Greencore has now reached “the necessary scale to deliver meaningful profit growth”, says City analyst Panmure Gordon.
Ingredients supplier EHL Ingredients reports organic sales on track to reach £3M by January, after rising by 20% in the past five months.
Food manufacturing made a key contribution to Morrisons’ financial results for the half-year to July 29, says ceo Dalton Philips.
The Office of Fair Trading has decided not to refer Associated British Foods’ (ABF’s) acquisition of the Elephant Etta business to the Competition Commission.
Former food and farming minister Jim Paice is to receive a knighthood.
Manufacturers could be burdened with a huge extra workload under changes proposed to the enforcement of food labelling rules.
The Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) is canvassing the food industry about the most promising ways to extend shelf-life, with the results of the consultation set to shape the waste reduction watchdog's future research.
Supermarket promotions look set to be an increasingly contentious subject over the autumn and in the run-up to the busy Christmas grocery trading period.
Food manufacturers have urged new health secretary Jeremy Hunt to broaden the Public Health Responsibility Deal (PHRD) – not to make its commitments deeper.
Soft drinks firms Britvic and Irn Bru manufacturer AG Barr are planning a merger, both firms revealed today (September 5).
Chilled food is more energy intensive than frozen, according to a new scientific report on carbon emissions.
Debt laden food manufacturing giant Premier Foods faces “death or glory” by 2014, warns one leading City analyst.
Chocolate manufacturer Mars has disowned the iconic northern delicacy the deep-fried Mars bar.
A Cheshire jam manufacturer is claiming victory after the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) announced plans to launch a consultation on changing labelling rules.
Owen Paterson, Conservative MP for Shropshire, has been appointed secretary of state at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in Prime Minister David Cameron's first cabinet reshuffle.
Retail and foodservice buyers' poor forecasting of chilled and fresh product demand is costing them dearly in product shortages and unnecessary waste, it has emerged.
A US brand credited with starting a Greek yogurt craze in the US has arrived in the UK, bringing the promise of up to 300 jobs.
Food businesses will “die” unless producers, manufacturers and retailers work together to make products more sustainable, claims the head of sustainable development at Marks & Spencer (M&S).
Consumers are being ‘conned' by a certification system that means fair trade chocolate bars may not contain any fair trade chocolate.
Salt reduction will remain a priority for the Public Health Responsibility Deal (PHRD), according to Dr Susan Jebb, chair of the PHRD's Food Network. And yet there are still no signs of tougher salt reduction targets in processed foods beyond those originally set by the Food Standards Agency for this year
In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes, said the American inventor and statesman Benjamin Franklin. The words still resonate. But in Franklin's 18th Century world, death tended to come early - often quite brutally.
Our increasingly ageing population presents lucrative opportunities for functional foods, says Michelle Knott
Scientists are raising the bar of fast food to create the ultimately healthy, plant-based beetburger, says Sue Scott
Lars Bredmose speaks candidly to Lynda Searby about Chr Hansen's probiotics strategy in a hostile regulatory climate
In a bid to win the battle against obesity, DuPont Nutrition & Health has made a soluble fibre and low-calorie carbohydrate that can help to increase satiety and reduce food intake.
Demand for clean-label ingredients continues to rise, with 75% of European consumers rating ingredients lists as important and 69% always reading front-of-pack messaging when making a purchase, according to new research.
PureCircle has received a Notice of Allowance from the US Patent and Trademark Office for a patent pertaining to its growing line of natural flavours.
New product activity in soft drinks appears to be accelerating strongly again, with rising levels of global launch activity recorded by Innova Market Insights over the past two years.
To expand trade opportunities for ingredients derived from Sicilian grapes and create new jobs, Naturalia Ingredients has invested euro 16M in a facility to produce natural crystallised sugars from grapes.
To mark the arrival of the clean-label trend in Russia, Kerry Ingredients & Flavours is launching clean-label ingredients on the Russian market for the first time.
In a bid to offer manufacturers cost savings on guar gum, Glanbia Nutritionals has expanded its OptiSol 5000 range to include a guar gum replacer that offers up to 40% cost savings over guar gum and other gum systems.
Chromax is the first and only chromium picolinate approved by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), according to its maker, Ingredia Nutritional.
Working with the Sucralliance subsidiary of confectionery group Cemoi, Ishida has devised a multihead weigher design to pack products with brittle shells at up to 50 150g packs a minute without significant collision damage.
Basingstoke-based Ferns Coffee has installed a new thermal transfer coder to replace a printer that was 30 years old.
On-the-go dining is set to witness some big changes, thanks to a range of packaging innovations that will be on display at the Lunch! exhibition at the Business Design Centre in London this month.
A Christmas gift pack for Thorntons' premium twist wrap brand Moments will this year feature a bespoke jar and lid.
Improved confidence in seal quality and better management of gas flushing is leading to new growth in flow-wrapping, particularly using higher-end long-dwell machines, said Bosch Packaging Technology.
Brands that go out of their way to explain on pack the sustainability of their product or packaging could be wasting their time, according to new consumer research.
Specialist in pneumatic and electric drive technology Festo will display some new development concepts in handling and positioning. Visitors to its stand can meet experts in food and beverage, who will be on hand to discuss the sector's automation challenges.
Milk processors and dairy farmers will need to make far greater use of price hedging tools if they are to survive in today’s increasingly volatile world, claims a leading dairy risk management analyst.
High-performance metal detection systems, including gravity and pipeline models, will be shown by Fortress Technology. The technology is designed for more effective inspection of bulk, freefalling and pumped liquid and paste food products.
The PPMA show will be the UK exhibition debut for Ishida's new tray sealer model. Ishida will also show the latest examples of its weighing, packing, detection and quality control equipment, which together enables the firm to provide total solutions for customers.
Bulk handling systems manufacturer Flexicon Europe will display its integration expertise at the show. It will highlight ways of improving efficiency in the handling and transfer of powders, flakes and granules.
Sco-Fro's Galloway Seafoods factory at Newton Stewart hosted a visit by Scottish Cabinet Secretary Richard Lochhead last month to celebrate its £4M investment in new processing facilities.
S+S Inspection will demonstrate its inspection systems for food sector packaging. These include the Raycon X-ray inspection system and the Liquiscan metal detection system for liquid, viscous and paste products.
Automation systems, online detectors, robots, checkweighers and bulk handlers, will all feature strongly at this year's Processing and Packaging Machinery Association (PPMA) show, which takes place at Birmingham's National Exhibition Centre from September 25-27
Various live demonstrations of ABB's latest equipment will feature on its stand, including its smallest ever multi-purpose robot. The compact, agile and lightweight, six-axis, IRB 120, which is designed for pick-and-place applications, is now available as an ISO 5 (Class 100) clean-room version, ideal for food and drink applications.
The SternIngredients stand will feature the latest flour treatment development from sister company Mühlenchemie. The product uses enzyme combinations to replace guar gum powder in bread.
Arla Foods has won praise from farmers’ leaders after announcing a new pricing and sourcing strategy for milk, which starts with a significant increase in the price it will pay for milk.
Diet specialist Atkins has launched a bread mix that can be consumed on the New Atkins Diet.
Two new products are giving food manufacturers access to fruit that contains wild berries foraged from the forests of Latvia.
A longer shelf-life is now possible for Europe's fast-growing, par-baked bread sector, according to ingredients firm DuPont.
Inspired by the culinary habits of mainland Europe, a Wigan manufacturer is on a mission to alter the UK's perception of vinegar
Biocatalysts specialises in the production of enzymes for the modification and hydrolysis of food protein substrates. Many of these are actively used to decrease bitterness and promote positive flavour production, hence the name Flavorpro. This range includes animal, microbial and plant-derived enzymes.
German firm Kampffmeyer Food Innovation has developed an active ingredient to enable bakers to make clean-label Mediterranean-style bakery products.
Cheshire Farm Ice Cream is making its way into the frozen smoothie market with the launch of a dairy-, gluten- and fat-free fruit product.
Frutarom Savory Solutions has developed stabilising compounds that cause dips, ketchup, sauces and mustard to become firm and sliceable, thus enabling them to be incorporated into sliced meats and sausage specialities. The compounds are gelatin-based and are available as powder mixes.
To meet increasing demand for its existing range and expand into new product areas, savoury ingredients supplier Jardox has invested £2.2M in expanding its premises.
Shadow environment secretary Mary Creagh is fighting to see fair food for all, reports Rick Pendrous
Cheesemaker Wyke Farms proved the power of social media last month when its Facebook campaign against its delisting by Morrisons was bombarded with messages of support.
Organic food is no healthier than conventionally-produced produce, according to researchers at Stanford University.
Labour is unlikely to support the introduction of a nationwide approach to kerbside collection of waste packaging - particularly plastics - as called for by food and drink processors such as Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE).
International dairy food group Glanbia Consumer Foods is seeking to raise its profile in the UK. The firm, which has its headquarters in Ireland, has appointed logistics firm Culina to manage the distribution of its chilled products in the UK.
Catherine Brown's strong science background will be a key asset in her new role as chief executive of the Food Standards Agency (FSA), according to industry sources.
Chocolate manufacturer Barry Callebaut is working with the Rainforest Alliance to train Cameroon farmers and improve traceability of cocoa supply.
Mouth-watering fillings for the industrial manufacture of savoury snacks and convenience products, will be exhibited by Ruitenberg Ingredients under its Rudin brand. Currently the fillings are used in puff pastry, Danish pastry, bread, filo dough and quiches.
IBA 2012, the international bakery and confectionery trade fair, takes place in Germany from September 16-19. Here's a brief taste of the exhibits
Traffic lights tell TMI Foods' Mike Garner when the production line is down. Reports Rick Pendrous
A report promoting the wide-ranging nutritional benefits of bread will help counter views that it's not always a healthy product.
Support for new product development (NPD) is available, following the creation of a new Applied Innovation Campus at the Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA) in York.
Barclays has denied boosting food manufacturing ingredient costs by making £530M on food price speculation.
Morrisons’ new fish processing plant in Grimsby began operations today (September 3) − five months after work began on converting a disused factory at Europa Park.
Birmingham Council Trading Standards officials, backed by police, have raided halal wholesalers in the city and seized hundreds of chickens, computer equipment and documents.
Danish milk processor Arla’s merger agreements with Milk Link in the UK and German processor MUH will increase the firm’s annual revenue by £1.2bn.
Short-term shortages of wheat for food processors and longer-term price increases are likely to be the outcome of the wettest summer for a century, a crop specialist has warned.
Cavaghan & Gray workers have voted to compromise with parent company 2 Sisters in their dispute over reduced pay and working conditions.
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